Web shells often contain heavily obfuscated code (e.g., long strings of base64 encoded data) to hide their logic from scanners. A typical characteristic includes calls to eval() , base64_decode() , or gzinflate() combined with complex string manipulation.

Researchers extract "deep features" (lexical, syntactic, and abstract) from the shell's source code to train models like Image Conversion:

, which could allow another attacker to hijack the shell by tricking the logged-in user into clicking a malicious link. Kali Linux

Antivirus and Web Application Firewalls (WAFs) recognize the specific code patterns or the "b374k" string. Obfuscation: