: A leading open-access journal featuring recent studies on topics like canine cognitive decline, the impact of "lifetime sports" on aging dogs, and using AI to assess pain in cattle [7, 8, 30].

Perhaps the most challenging intersection of the two fields is behavioral euthanasia—the humane euthanasia of a physically healthy animal due to severe, untreatable behavioral pathology (e.g., idiopathic aggression with no response to behavior modification or medication).