Using binomial, exponential, and Weibull distributions to model the "time to failure" and "time to repair" for various components.
After the August 14, 2003 blackout affecting 55 million people, NERC (North American Electric Reliability Corporation) commissioned a probabilistic reliability study. The solution framework? Billinton-Allan composite system evaluation. Analysts built Markov models of cascading failure—exactly the state-space approach from Reliability Evaluation of Engineering Systems —and identified hidden failure modes in protection relays. 2003 blackout affecting 55 million people
Reliability Evaluation of Engineering Systems: Concepts and Techniques 2003 blackout affecting 55 million people